Fig. 1

Overview of lactylation-related enzymes and substrates. a) EP300 acts as a transferase, regulating gene transcription mediated by GPR73, TTK, BUB1B, Brg1 and modulating the activity of NMNAT1 maintenance enzymes; b) HBO1 acts as a transferase, regulating gene transcription mediated by AQP1, LAMC2; c) KAT8 and KAT5 act as transferases, regulating eEF1A2, PIK3C3 to maintain enzyme activity; d) CBP acts as a transferase, modulating MRE11 to maintain enzyme activity; e) TIP60 acts as a transferase, regulating Vps34 to reduce protein degradation, and controlling NBS1 to promote protein synthesis; Lactate transferases with lactate as a direct substrate: AARS1 acts as a transferase, regulating YAP, p53 to mediate gene transcription