Fig. 3

Schematic overview of the genetic modifications in CAR NK cells. 1 Cytokine modifications for enhanced function. 2 The integration of a safety switch mechanism for controlled apoptosis and targeted cell elimination via ADCC for improved safety. 3 Gene KO to facilitate fratricide evasion. 4 Allo-evasion techniques including HLA modifications. 5 Secretion of regulatory molecules for immune modulation. 6 Engineered CD16 for improved targeting and cytotoxicity. PD-1 Programmed cell death protein 1, TIM-3 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3, GM-CSF Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, HLA-I Human leukocyte antigen-I, HLA-II Human leukocyte antigen-II, HLA-E Human leukocyte antigen-E, ADR alloimmune defense receptor, mbIL-15 membrane bound IL-15, ADAM17 A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17, hnCD16 high-affinity, non-cleavable CD16.